Wreaths
Reaths are circular decorations usually made of flowers, vines, leaves, or other materials fashioned in the shape of leaves or flowers. In modern times wreaths have most often been used as a household decoration, displayed on a table or hung on a door. However, in ancient Greece, beginning around the sixth century b.c.e., wreaths were a common personal adornment. Worn on the head as a sort of crown, wreaths not only served as decoration but often indicated a great honor, such as a victory in...
Resource folders
Design resource folders, also called, cutting files, clipping files, swipe files, picture files and personality files, are internationally recognised names for folders collating all visual references. These visuals, used in conjunction with sketch books, are sources of inspiration for design development through to presentation. Collect Postcards - reproductions of paintings, textiles, architecture. Research and gather information from The arts - theatre, opera, film, music, dance, ballet -...
Metal Girdles
Long before the term girdle was used to describe a tight, corset-like garment worn by women to make their waists appear slim, a girdle was a kind of belt or sash, tied or wrapped around the waist. The word gird means to encircle, or go around, and girdles encircled the wearer. In ancient times the girdle was a very useful part of many costumes, holding long, draped garments or short, loose outfits in place. Girdles were also decorative and could be a kind of jewelry for the waist. Girdles were...
New Styles Each Month
Backed by 1 6 years of industry experience Various fashion accessoiy assortments Various fashion accessoiy assortments With a keen fashion sense, our R amp D team in Hong Kong keeps coming up with new designs for fashion jewelry beads and other jewelry accessories. While our competitors offer only five to 1 0 new models per month, we roll out up to 1 00. More than 500 molds are developed each year. Your designs and specifications are welcome. Our 1 6 years of experience in the industry means...
Class and Social Position
From the early years of colonization, a noticeable tension was evident in the ways settler Australians expressed social position through dress. Colonial history is rich in accounts of mistaken social identity. Some of this tension arose from problems strangers had in decoding signs of class. It also stemmed from a prevailing myth of class-lessness, coupled with a correspondingly intense awareness of social position characteristic of a small population. Some of the supposed lack of class...
From La Vie a de Longues Jambes
La beaut , c'est une chose l'int rieur. La beaut du corps, ce n'est pas tr s important. Tous les corps sont beaux. Mais la vraie beaut , la vraie valeur de la beaut , c'est l'int rieur qu'il faut la chercher. C'est l qu'elle a sa vraie valeur, et c'est l qu'elle est rare. Voil la r ponse ta question. La beaut l'int rieur, c'est ce qui devrait tre notre but tous. Beauty, it is an interior matter. Bodily beauty is not very important. All bodies are beautiful. But true beauty, the true value of...
Dress Shirts
1. Pleated bib front 2. Decorated placket below yoke. 3. Fancy stitching forms yoke. 4. Vertical jet pocket close to fly front 5 8. Breast pocket suggestions. 9. Fancy stitching holds down back pleat 10. Five top-stitched pleats at centre back. 11. Small buttoned tab over inverted pleat I. Collar stiffener holder stitched through to top collar. 2. Embroidery on top collar. 3. Multi stitching on collar placket and pocket top. 4 7. Eight ideas for concealed buttons on breast pockets. 8. Stitching...
Loin Coverings
ycenaean men living on the mainland of what would become Greece in about 1600 b.c.e. and Minoan men living on the Greek island of Crete around 3000 b.c.e. wore several basic styles of loin coverings and usually left their upper bodies bare. These styles developed over time and were adapted as clothes for laborers or undergarments in later Greek society. Worn by Mycenaeans and Minoans, the kilt, or schenti, was a thigh-length skirt with a tasseled point in front that hung between the knees. The...
Modern Sneaker Marketing
Once the basic processes were established to make and market sneakers, companies other than rubber manufacturers were founded. These companies evolved technologies and created competition in the marketplace. Some of the most influential companies are reviewed chronologically. Reebok. In the 1890s, Joseph William Foster from Bolton, England made some of the world's first known track spikes. Although track spikes are technically different than sneakers, Foster was interested in making athletes...
Between East and West
The influence of Roman customs was very great in the early years of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine people called themselves Romans, they spoke Latin like Romans, and they dressed in Roman clothes. They inherited the Greek and Roman love of learning and preserved many documents from these civilizations in their libraries. Much of what we know about ancient Greece and Rome comes from Byzantine libraries, which were not destroyed by barbarian invaders. Yet the influence of Rome slowly faded. In...
Classic Watches
New strategies sought to counter slowing growth Suppliers take advantage of rebates and subsidies while training workers to improve productivity. China makers of classic watches are seeking assistance from government and industry associations to improve their competitiveness during the economic crunch. Exports of this type of timepiece with basic functions and enduring aesthetic appeal began slowing down in October 2008. Some companies even reported a decline of 50 percent. National authorities...
Africa From the Birth of Civilization
He earliest stages of human evolution are believed to have begun in Africa about seven million years ago as a population of African apes evolved into three different species gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Protohumans, as early humans are known, evolved about 2.5 million years ago and had larger brains and stood nearly upright. From prehistoric Africa, humans spread to populate much of the world by 10,000 B.C.E. Some of the world's first great empires originated in northern Africa around...
Prehistoric Body Decorations
The existence of identifiable body decorations on some Neanderthal humans from as early as 75,000 b.c.e. provides intriguing evidence of the first human use of adornment or decoration, and thus the first incidence of fashion. In the Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq, remains of Neanderthal man, an early subspecies of Homo sapiens, were found alongside lumps of red iron oxide and rubbed manganese. Archeologists, scientists who study the physical remains of past cultures, believe that these items...
EighteenthCentury Body Decorations
Lany of the body decorations and accessories of the seventeenth century continued into the eighteenth century. Women and some men made their faces pale with white makeup made from lead powder, a corrosive substance that led to health problems for many and death for some. Red cheeks were also quite fashionable. Wealthy people used rouge made of crushed red beetles, called cochineals, on their cheeks. Others dabbed berry juice on their cheeks. In addition, women and some men continued to paste...
Greek Body Decorations
The early Greeks were very concerned about their physical appearance and celebrated the human form. The depictions of Minoans living on the Greek island of Crete and Mycenaeans living on the Greek mainland from 3000 to 1200 b.c.e. indicate these cultures idealized the human figure. Both men and women are drawn with slim figures, tiny waists encircled by metal girdles, and flowing black hair. With the exception of the tiny waists, ancients Greeks living from 800 to 146 b.c.e. held the human...
Eighteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
With the riding coat firmly established as a fashionable staple garment, another form of overcoat known as the greatcoat would also become a functional style that in-flluenced mainstream fashion. Available in either single-breasted or double-breasted options, with cape collar and center vent cut into the back, the greatcoat was considered essential for riding. By the latter part of the century, the greatcoat would feature overlapping collars similar to those on the coat worn by coachmen. By the...
Seventeenth Century 1
In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the extreme and rigid shapes of trunk hose softened, and the full, longer breeches like Venetians and galligaskins were the predominant fashion. Many breeches were embellished with a row of ribbon loops or lace ruffles below the knees, called boot hose, to span the area between lower edge and boot top. Shorter styles of breeches were constructed with a wide fitted band over the knees or lower thighs also called canions. After mid-century, a...
The Twentieth Century
Shirts made to be worn with formal attire were traditionally cut with a stiff wing collar in the late nineteenth century, and that style remained standard into the period after World War I. The Duke of Windsor developed the move to a pleated front formal shirt with a turned-down collar in the 1920s. The Duke explained to his shirt maker that he wanted a softer alternative to the stiff-winged collar shirt. The pleated front of the dress shirt is designed not to extend below the waist, so that...
Greek Clothing
The history of clothing in ancient Greece traces its roots to three significant civilizations the Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the ancient Greeks. Each of these civilizations created sophisticated clothing customs. Clothing for these civilizations served not only to cover and protect the body, but also to decorate and enhance the beauty of the wearer. The Minoan culture developed on the Greek island of Crete in about 3000 b.c.e. Minoans created a thriving society around royal palaces and...
Faces andsfeet
The aim of a fashion drawing is to capture the design of a garment khd the overall look of the fashion figure of which, facial features and hair styles play a major part m projecting the fashion image. Just a few simple lin s can portray a great deal about the sex, age, ethnic origin, character and mood of the fashion figure. Drawing the face, hands and feet will giwthe fashioh figures a professional look. All fnese feature's are sketched using understated lines so that they do not dominate a...
Chemical or Freeze Branding
Freeze branding is similar to strike branding. Instead of putting the branding iron into a fire to heat it, it is immersed into liquid nitrogen or another cooling solution. The iron is then pressed into the skin. If the hair grows back it will be white. Freeze branding takes longer to do than fire branding and may take days to become visible, while fire branding shows results immediately. This branding method is extremely rare and not often used among body modification enthusiasts, but ranchers...
Pacific Island Dress PreContact
Prior to the arrival of missionaries in the Pacific Islands, dress was an important expression of social status, polit- Traditional Javanese daily wear. Indonesian men and women generally wear this wrap-around lower-body cover in the home or on informal occasions. The dress originated on Java, Indonesia's main island. Photo by John. S. Major. Reproduced by Traditional Javanese daily wear. Indonesian men and women generally wear this wrap-around lower-body cover in the home or on informal...
PostWorld War II 194660
He world woke up from a six-year-long nightmare in the summer of 1945. World War II 1939-45 , which had pitted the Allied forces of the United States, Britain, France, Russia, Canada, Australia, and other nations against the Axis forces of Germany, Japan, Italy, Austria, and others, finally ended, but the effects of the war lingered on for years afterward. The economies of Europe and Japan were in ruins, and people around the world struggled to recover from the deadliest war in human history....
Clothing of African Cultures
The evolution of African clothing is difficult to trace because of the lack of historical evidence. Although artifacts from Egyptian culture date back to before 3000 B.C.E., no similar evidence is available for the majority of the African continent until the mid-twentieth century. Sources from Arab culture refer to the people of northern Africa by the eighth century C.E., but much of early African clothing history has been pieced together from art, oral histories, and traditions that are...
Requirements for Costume and Dress
Costume. Designers for theater, cinema, and dance carefully plan the array of costumes to represent and highlight various roles to be played principal characters are set apart and highlighted by costume from the rest of the cast or dance troupe. Some costumes designed for single-time use also involve countless hours of fastidious design and construction for adults in high-visibility and prestige Halloween or Mardi Gras events. For example, members of organized groups such as the various Krewes...
Contributors
CAROL BRENNAN. Freelance Writer, Crosse Pointe, MI. ROB EDELMAN. Instructor, State University of New York at Albany. Author, Baseball on the Web 1997 and The Great Baseball Films 1994 . Co-author, Matthau A Life 2002 Meet the Mertzes 1999 and Angela Lansbury A Life on Stage and Screen 1996 . Contributing editor, Leonard Maltin's Move amp Video Guide, Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia, and Leonard Maltin's Family Viewing Guide. Contributing writer, International Dictionary of Films and...
Yuko Shimizu
Basically, everything I've experienced in my life, everyone whom I've encountered my family, friends, people I like or don't like these are all my inspirations, The whole experience makes me who I am, and that lets me do the work I do. Of course I have favourite artists, but they are only a small part of my inspiration. Of course. You should not work in a field you are not interested in. My work is somewhere in between Japanese woodblock prints and manga, with a western influence. Basically,...
Mesopotamia
Etween 3000 b.c.e. and 300 b.c.e. the civilizations thriv- ing in Mesopotamia, a large region centered between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, laid the foundation for customs that would dominate later European culture. Though many different societies emerged and organized cities, states, and empires in Mesopotamia, historians study these cultures together because they lived near each other and had many similarities. The main civilizations were the Sumerians 3000-2000 b.c.e....
Historical and Geographical Changes
The word boubou comes from the Wolof mbubbe. Wolof is the principal African language of Senegal. This linguistic origin suggests that in contrast to borrowed dress styles, like the Arab caftan and the European suit, the boubou, as Senegalese people say, has always been Senegalese. In Anglophone West African countries, the cognate, buba, has a somewhat different meaning. Especially in Nigeria and Ghana, the buba is a hip-length shirt, with sleeves made of separate pieces of fabric and sewn to...
Influence Abroad
In 1976 Beene became the first American designer to show in Milan, Italy, set up manufacturing facilities there, and successfully compete in the European fashion market. This success led to his sixth Coty in 1977, which was awarded for giving impetus to American fashion abroad. It is the Coty award that he treasured most, as the challenge of success in Europe was significant to his development as an artist he proved to himself that his designs and his unique American vision had validity in the...
Jewelry
O ne of the most important ways that people in ancient Egypt showed their wealth and status was through the display of jewelry. In the early stages of Egyptian civilization known as the 40 fashion, costume, and culture i Old Kingdom c. 2700-c. 2000 b.c.e. , jewelry was quite simple, consisting primarily of beaded collars worn by the very wealthy. By the time of the New Kingdom c. 1500-c. 750 b.c.e. , however, as conquering Egyptian armies came into contact with surrounding areas of the Middle...
Influences on Beaton
The most important influence on Beaton's fashion photography was his interest in stage design and theatrical production, in which he was extremely accomplished. He did costume design for the film Gigi and set and costume design for the play and the film My Fair Lady, receiving Cecil Beaton. Beaton was a writer, artist, actor, and a costume and set designer for ballet and theatre, as well as a renowned self-taught fashion designer. He received two Oscars, one for costume design for the film...
Beards
When it came to the wearing of facial hair, Roman men went through several shifts in style over the long history of their civilization. From the founding of Rome in 753 b.c.e. until about 300 b.c.e., all men wore long beards and long hair. In a way, they had no choice, for razors hadn't been invented. Then, in about 300 b.c.e., a barber from the island of Sicily introduced the razor and everything changed. For the next several hundred years Roman men followed a simple rule about facial hair...
Hair Coloring
By the time of the Roman Empire 27 b.c.e.-476 c.e. , both men and women had largely given up the customs of simplicity and frugality that characterized early Rome. One of the most popular ways for people to ornament themselves was through hair dyes. The many traders and slaves that came to Rome and other Roman cities as a result of the empire's great expansion exposed the Romans to a wide variety of hair colors. The most popular hair coloring in ancient Rome was blond, which was associated with...
Dandyism in France
Dandyism was a potent cocktail that swiftly endeared itself to England's European neighbor, France and much later to Russia , privileging a love of beauty in material goods while appearing to nod to the revolutionary sentiment of the times. Most notable of France's dandies was the young Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, count d'Orsay. Only a teenager when dandyism first crossed the seas to Paris, d'Orsay's sartorial power had risen to Brummel-lian heights by 1845. Unlike Brummell, however, d'Orsay's...
Indian Clothing
L historical record of Indian clothing is difficult to trace. While there is an abundance of sculpture and literature dating from the earliest periods of civilization in the Indus Valley which flourished along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan around 2500 b.c.e., scholars have had difficulty dating the changes in clothing styles and naming the variations on certain styles over time. Another problem in identifying trends in Indian clothing is the abundance of different ethnic and cultural...
The Concept of Fashion
Fashion is a complex concept, but economic analyses require simple, operational definitions. Therefore this essay uses definitions based on those stated by Paul Nystrom in his 1928 book, Economics of Fashion. He defined style as a characteristic or distinctive mode or method of expression in the field of some art p. 3 and fashion as the prevailing style at any given time p. 4 . A source of confusion is that the word fashion can be used to mean either content or process. In writing or speech,...
Etruscan Dress
Before the Romans developed their long-lasting rule on the Italian peninsula, several other groups of people organized towns and farms into small-scale societies. Yet even the most notable and longest lasting of these pre-Roman societies, known as the Etruscans, remains somewhat of a mystery to historians. This is what we know sometime before 1000 b.c.e. people began to move to the central part of present-day Italy from areas north and east around 800 b.c.e. more people arrived in the area from...
Beards And Mustaches
In Ornaments from the Past Bead Studies after Beck A Book on Glass and Semi-Precious Stone Beads in History and Archaeology for Archaeologists, Jewelers, Historians and Collectors. By Ian C. Glover, Helen Hughes-Brock, and Julian Henderson. London and Bangkok Bead Study Trust, 2003. Israel, Jonathan I. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740. New York Oxford University Press, 1989. Jones, Mark, ed. Fake The Art of Deception. Berkeley University of California Press, 1990. Karklins, Karlis. Glass...
Jewelry 1
Jewelry has occupied an important part of life in India from ancient times to the present day. Evidence from the earliest Indus Valley civilizations, which flourished along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and which date back to 2500 b.c.e., indicates that early Indians adorned themselves from head to toe with many varied ornaments. Although traditions have changed over the thousands of years since the beginning of Indian culture, jewelry remains an integral part of religious, regional,...
The Waltz Century
The nineteenth century was dedicated to the waltz, which had developed as a bourgeois activity in Europe and America. In May I Have the Pleasure , Belinda Quirey argues that in the wake of political, romantic, and industrial revolutions, the waltz was a completely new dance Josephine Baker in banana costume. Baker's revealing dance costumes caused much scandal and controversy, but her style also served as an inspiration for designers of mainstream fashion. Hulton Archive Getty Images....
SixteenthCentury Footwear
Y the sixteenth century footwear construction methods had grown quite advanced. The shoes of common people were generally made of leather, and while they were fairly simple in construction they were also very durable. Soles were made of wood, cork, or extra layers of leather, and uppers, or the tops of shoes, were either tied or buckled in place. Shoemakers, called cobblers, also developed the ability to make very tall boots for riding or fieldwork. These boots came up to the thigh and had a...
Piercing
Used to be pierced and stretched so that by the time she reached thirteen years old, the girl's earlobes hung almost to her shoulders. This practice signified wealth and virtue among women from ancient times, and females without stretched lobes were shunned or considered prostitutes. This particular custom began to disappear in the nineteenth century as Christian missionaries converted people in these areas. Piercing the nose has special significance in Indian culture. In rural areas female...
Fringe
A cross all the civilizations living in Mesopotamia the region centered in present-day Iraq near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers from 3000 to 300 b.c.e., fringe was a popular and important decorative adornment for the clothing of both men and women. It is believed that fringe was worn by all classes of people. The evidence for how fringe was used and what it looked like is found on sculptures, statues, and described in the writings left by these civilizations. Fringe adorned the two most basic...
Historical Context
While the reasons for Balenciaga's departure from Spain in 1935 at the age of forty, and his subsequent establishment in Paris, are not clear, it is probable that the commercial and political situation in Europe contributed to his move. In the 1930s Paris was the fashion mecca not only for ambitious designers but also for the cosmopolitan women they dressed. The French government fostered couture and its ancillary trades because they were important national export industries. Subsidies...
Visiting a museum
Museums can sometimes seem dull or dumbed down to cater to schoolchildren. Don't be put off a single collection of antiquities could keep a designer in ideas for a lifetime. Borrowing and adapting ideas from the past Is not just acceptable in fashion design, but an essential way of obtaining raw materials. When you first visit a museum, it is best to spend at least half a day getting a general overview of the exhibits. Take the time to find objects that inspire you. It is only by looking more...
Concluding comments 1
The fashion figure is best drawn from the head down - this is your measuring tool to proportion the rest of the body. Redraw as many times as necessary, continually improving your latest sketch. In the next chapter we will look at drawing the face, hands and feet. Once these techniques are applied to your fleshed out templates 2 to 7, a more complete and professional look will be achieved.
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Robes of Honor
Yet another kind of robe became an institution the robe of honor which was developed most fully in the Muslim world for designating and formalizing a variety of important relationships. It circulated in special ways, being ceremoniously awarded from one individual to another in order to confer authority, seal alliances, and publicly proclaim official ties and positions. Already in ancient times, rulers in parts of Asia had personally bestowed valuable garments on their followers as a sign of...
Modern Tanning Methods
Interestingly, the tanning of leather was one of the last industries to lift itself out of medieval conditions in the nineteenth century. Before then, methods had endured for centuries. Modernization since the late nineteenth century, however, has been swift and complete, and what used to be a craftsman's art has become increasingly a science handled by technicians. Mechanization has brought significant changes in speed and efficiency. Prior to specialized drum machinery, liming the skins,...
